Thamirabarani River – Origin, Map in Tamil Nadu

The Thamirabarani River, also known as Tamiraparani, Tirunelveli River, or Tamraparni, is one of the most important rivers in Tamil Nadu and a rare perennial river in southern India. It originates from the Pothigai Hills of the Western Ghats and flows entirely within Tamil Nadu before meeting the Gulf of Mannar near Tuticorin.

Name and Etymology

The river’s name is derived from “Thamiram” (copper) and “Barani” (vessel) in Tamil, referring to the copper-like hue of its waters—believed to result from dissolved minerals. The river is also referred to as Porunai in Sangam literature, one of the earliest references to the region’s geography and culture.

Origin & Course of Thamirabarani River

• Origin: Pothigai Hills, Western Ghats (Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District)
• Mouth: Gulf of Mannar (Bay of Bengal), near Korkai in Thoothukudi District
• Districts Covered: Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi (historically parts of Kanniyakumari)
• Total Length: Approx. 128 km

The river begins at the confluence of the Kothai and Madhumalai streams and cascades down into the plains, giving rise to waterfalls like:

• Banatheertham Falls (132 ft, near Kariyar reservoir)
• Agasthiyar Falls
• Kalyana Theertham

It flows past major towns such as Tirunelveli, Palayamkottai, and Srivaikundam, eventually reaching Tiruchendur before merging into the sea.

River Basin and Coverage

The Thamirabarani River basin spans a total area of approximately 5,717.08 square kilometers. It lies entirely within the state of Tamil Nadu, covering significant parts of the Tirunelveli district and Thoothukudi taluk of Thoothukudi District in southern Tamil Nadu.

Major Tributaries of Thamirabarani River

• Chithar River (Chitranathi) – receives water from:
  • Gundar
  • Hanumanathi
  • Karuppanathi
• Manimuthar
• Gadananathi
• Pachaiyar
• Servalar
• Karunaiyar
• Jambunathi

Dams and Hydropower

The river is also a key source of hydroelectric energy and irrigation. Prominent dams include:

• Papanasam Dam
• Karaiyar Dam
• Manimuthar Dam
• Servalar Dam
• Gadananathi Dam

The Papanasam Lower Reservoir is crucial for the Papanasam Hydroelectric Plant.

Biodiversity and Wildlife

The Thamirabarani Basin is a sanctuary for unique and endangered species. Notable wildlife includes:

• Lion-tailed Macaque
• Nilgiri Marten
• Slender Loris
• Great Hornbill
• White-Spotted Bush Frog
• Galaxy Frog
• Sri Lankan Atlas Moth

Historical and Cultural Significance

The Thamirabarani River is steeped in Hindu mythology and is said to have hosted Lord Rama, Lakshmana, Sita, and Hanuman during their travels, as mentioned in ancient texts.

• Porunai is its classical name in Sangam Literature, where it has extensive literary references.
• The river is believed to be named after Goddess Tamira Devi, who was once worshipped by local rulers.
• Temples like Papanasam Temple and Agasthiyar Temple are located along its banks.

The river remains a center of religious rituals and cultural celebrations, especially during festivals like Aadi Perukku.